This information has been automatically read by Connotea from the website in question in this case D-Lib's. Area B contains two other bookmarklets, for adding or viewing comments.
Area C shows a standard bookmark for quickly accessing the user's collection of bookmarks on Connotea. The user clicks the bookmarklet, the URL of the page is sent to Connotea , and Connotea presents a form for adding the page to the user's collection. Figure 1 also illustrates the second key feature of Connotea. For example, for scholarly articles, Connotea stores the publication name, volume and issue numbers, publication date and the list of authors for the article.
At the time of writing, Connotea supports four different article archives and websites [ n2 ], and the Amazon websites for books. This bibliographic data collection process is accomplished by means of a plug-in system. Each Connotea plug-in is specific to a particular archive or website, and must be able to follow the steps outlined in Fig.
We are happy to accept plug-ins written by third parties; volunteers should either contact the authors for details of the API application programming interface or refer to the Connotea source code and accompanying documentation [ 4 ].
The abstract resides at. But, in addition, we need to check that it is an abstract page not, for example, the search page or a results listing. The second step is to extract the necessary information from this URL in order to unambiguously identify this article. This metadata can then be associated with the article in the Connotea database and displayed to the user. Flow diagram for adding bibliographic data to Connotea. Once the URL has been sent to Connotea and the bibliographic import process has been completed, the user can add personalised information.
The most essential information is the list of tags to associate with the article. Tags are the means by which references are organised in Connotea. Suitable tags should therefore be meaningful in the context of that particular article and that user. For this reason, Connotea allows tags to be almost anything including both single words and phrases.
As discussed above, tags can be thought of as a list of categories for the article, or as folder names, albeit without the potential inconvenience of hierarchy and with the bonus of being able to store the article simultaneously in multiple folders.
Figure 3 shows a Connotea window for adding an article. The article in question has been identified, and a few suitable tags have been entered. There is also an option to add a personal description of the resource being bookmarked. The 'Add to Connotea' form, with article identified, a personal description added and tags entered.
Note that multi-word tags can be differentiated from multiple single-word tags by enclosing the entire tag name in quote marks or by joining the words with underscore characters. The other noteworthy piece of personal data is the user's comment. Each user can comment any number of times on any bookmark in their library, and comments from different users are combined to display a chronological, and conversational, thread about a resource.
Figure 4 shows a list of comments drawn from the contributions of individual users. Connotea also has a bookmarklet see Fig. The idea is that when a user is viewing an article that they already have in their Connotea library, they can quickly and easily add a public note about it. User comments in Connotea. The bookmarks stored in Connotea can be viewed and navigated by user, by tag, or by a combination of users and tags.
Every list of bookmarks in Connotea , however generated, offers a corresponding RSS feed, and any user or visitor can subscribe to any of these. This means that if, for example, you find the collection of a particular user interesting, or find that informative articles are often being assigned a particular tag, you can be alerted, via RSS [ n4 ], to any new items that are added. In this section we conduct a brief guided tour of Connotea 's uses and functions. In the spirit of the web- and article-centric nature of Connotea , we start by bookmarking this very paper.
To do this, either click on the ' Add to Connotea ' bookmarklet if you already have it installed or go to. If you are already logged-in, you will be taken to a form for adding this paper.
More likely, if you are not a registered user you will need to register for an account which is required to post items, but not to browse them. This process takes only a minute or two, and when completed you will then be taken to the bookmarking form. The only required task to perform at this stage is to add some tags, the choice of which is, of course, entirely up to you, the user.
We chose ' social bookmarking ' and ' Connotea ' as our tags. Now that we have this paper in our library, we can use it as a starting point for exploring the rest of the site and the content. Let us find out who else has bookmarked this paper. Go to your library at. Alternatively, go directly to. This page lists the distinct 'bookmarking events' for the paper, so although the paper title appears many times on the page, each item shows a different user who has bookmarked it, and the tags they used to categorise it.
These tags offer another perspective on the content of Connotea. Furl has bypassed this problem by limiting access to the hosted copy to the original user who bookmarked it, and hence presumably has legitimate access to the content.
Other users are simply directed to the original URL. Since its launch, Furl has been acquired by Looksmart, a company with a number of interests including advertising networks and search facilities. The original developer Mike Giles remains on the Furl project. Released in May '04, Simpy now has several thousands of active users, and several hundreds of thousands of links. The service was created for the sole purpose of organizing links: the social aspect grew out of that.
Simpy allows users to track other users' bookmarks by creating 'topics'. Any number of users or specific searches can be saved to a topic, and these results will be checked for new bookmarks. These topics can then be made available as RSS feeds. The latest version of Simpy allows users to create lists of notes, which can be tagged in the same way as bookmarks.
Simpy has also released a REST-based API to facilitate integrating Simpy with other applications and services, and there is a discussion list for developers. It currently has several thousands of active users. The first public version was released in February '04 by Spurl ehf. The first public release was in January '04, with a series of updates appearing since then. Unlike Furl, the primary aim of many users is to make their bookmarks available to others.
One interesting aspect of unalog is the ability to slice and dice further queries using either time or 'width' arguments. Also of interest is unalog's support for private users, private entries, and public or private groups.
Notes n1. It may be worth remembering that the Web is, after all, still a teenager and subject to all the angst, vagaries, and contrariness of growing pains. Of course, links predate the Web and are as old as consciousness itself. In literary terms any gloss, footnote, or endnote in a book or other kind of publication is a 'link'. That is the stuff life is made of.
And now compare this, from David Weinberger's book Small Pieces Loosely Joined [60], "The Web, a world of pure connection, free of the arbitrary constraints of matter, distance and time, is showing us who we are — and is undoing some of our deepest misunderstandings about what it means to be human in the real world. Mosaic [61] — the 'killer app' that first accelerated the Web to real attention in public mindshare because of its support for, among other features, graphics in particular — was first released in beta form in September Bookmarks — or Hotlists as Mosaic referred to them — were another novelty, like the History feature, the former a user-compiled directory of jumping-off points, the latter a record or trail of recent pages visited.
Gopher [62] — an Internet information service that vied for prominence in the early day of the World Wide Web and which allowed for content nodes to be organized in a hierarchical structure — was developed at the University of Minnesota and named after the school's mascot. There are still a few Gopher servers roaming out in the wild as Liz Lawley has pointed out on the del. You will probably need to use the Firefox browser.
The commercial operation was called Netscape Communications, Inc. Instead it just mimics the URI prefix notation — a simple token plus colon that has proved an irresistible lure for so many. The history of social bookmarking can also be seen to have another dimension as a move away from regular bookmarks to public and permalinked , date-organized bookmarks expressed as blogs which then generate social value through aggregators and the like e.
And from the blogging world new features are arising such as Technorati tags along with bookmarking tool APIs which enable post-to-blog functionality which seek to recontextualise blogging within this new social framework. The term 'folksonomy' was coined by Thomas Vander Wal, according to Gene Smith [67], and is a blending of the terms 'folk' and 'taxonomy'. While suitably folksy, and enjoying a certain cachet at the present time, it leans too much on the notion of taxonomy, which is not obviously present in social or distributed classification systems although may yet be derivable from them.
The term 'ethnoclassification' seems to have been coined by Susan Leigh Star, according to Peter Merholz [68]. Only the merest taste of some of the writings on tagging can be presented here. Besides the blog entry by Shelley Powers referenced earlier in the paper [1], a follow-on entry [69] makes for a stimulating read.
David Weinberger's 'Tags vs Leaves' blog entry [70] is a great rehearsal for his introduction to the February issue of Release 1. Lastly, the group blog on social software Many 2 Many [73] is a definite 'must read' for anyone interested in following the latest developments in social networking applications.
Regional bookmarking tools include BlogMarks. Also of particular interest, and on a strongly related theme, is Thomas Vander Wal's writings explaining the difference between broad and narrow folksonomies, see e.
We note that traditional classification schemes incline to the universal, whereas user classification schemes incline to the contextual, i. The Robot Co-op the collective behind 43 Things [77] announced [78] on February 7, , that Amazon.
There are, at this point in time, some practical problems in dealing with the DOI syntax because some of the characters allowed in DOIs, such as the forward slash, have special meanings in Connotea and other social bookmarking systems. Nonetheless this could be an interesting avenue to explore and we would invite reader feedback as to the relative merits of using such identifiers as tags.
An intriguing example of a super bookmarklet is Alan Levine's 'Multipost Bookmarklet Tool' [79], which at the time of writing can be configured to post to a dozen social bookmarking tools with one click. Many of the tools on his list are reviewed here in the annex. Schachter announced [80] on March 29, , that he is to take on outside funding to work on the del. On March 20, , Flickr confirmed [81] that they were to be acquired by Yahoo! This investment in a folksonomy-driven site is particularly interesting since Yahoo!
References 1. Powers, S. Biddulph, M. Lund, B. Nature Publishing Group. Open Directory Project. Udell, J. Rands, A Del. O'Reilly, T. O'Reilly Developer Weblogs, April 6, Ernst, J. Mathes, A. Shirky, C. Pind, L. Brin, S. Van de Sompel, H. Coates, T. Lawley, L. Chudnov, D. Hammond, T. Free Bookmark Managers. Bag of URLs. Dude, Check This Out! Feed Me Links. Creative Commons. Rox, T. The Wayback Machine. Weinberger, D. Anklesaria, F.
Berners-Lee, T. Photos can be aggregated into photosets and can be made public or private as desired. Calljdku Wiki Explore. Wiki Content. Recently Changed Pages Social bookmarking Streaming video-live streaming: Podcast Browse Calljdku Wiki. Recent blog posts Forum. Explore Wikis Community Central. Register Don't have an account? Edit source History Talk 0. Social bookmarking services Many users are starting to feel overwhelmed by the Internet since there are more than 10 billion pages of information on the web and millions more information are being added each year.
There are many reasons to apply these services to the educational program: A; These services offer knowledge sharing solutions. Social bookmarking tools: Now there are many of these social bookmarking sites that have been created in the past couple of years. Diigo: Diigo is a tool that not only allows users to begin constructing their own little piece of web, it is a way of organizing it for themselves and for those that are collaborating with.
Delicious: To Delicious the tag is every thing. Any description you add to your link will be just for your own use. Why Use Delicious? The site remains privately run, and it has yet to be seen what its long-term plans will be.
Initially CiteULike allowed users to bookmark papers from specific websites that held academic content, and from which CiteULike was able to collect citation metadata.
This restriction has since been lifted to allow bookmarking of any site, although the focus remains almost exclusively academic. CiteULike offers a number of features specifically for the academic community including importing references from desktop reference management software. Conceived independently of CiteULike as a kind of scientific del. Connotea was soft-launched a few days before Christmas '04 and as of April '05, the database was tracking over bookmarks posted by more than users.
Early promotion of the service was waived pending the development of certain key features to give it a maturity and reliability. Connotea is also equipped to function as a citation manager and currently supports retrieval of metadata elements from a number of sites including PubMed , HubMed , Amazon.
Further development in this area is planned. A companion paper [ 4 ] reports in detail on Connotea as a case study in implementing a social bookmarking tool. There are some 50k users at the time of writing. This is very much a personal, out-of-hours effort by Joshua Schachter without any immediate intention of developing a business model [ n19 ].
Developed initially as a simple web page listing links with annotations, Schachter then decided to make these available on a web server so that friends and others could also make use of these bookmarks. From there, it was but a small step to hosting others' lists, and so the social bookmarking tool del. Flickr Flickr , one of the most well known and widely used of these tools, offers a different kind of service. Flickr is for managing images specifically digital photos rather than links per se.
But it is so similar in purpose to the other tools that we include it here. Co-founded by Stewart Butterfield and Caterina Fake, it is now run as a commercial operation under the Ludicorp brand [ n20 ]. Flickr has the widest user base of all these tools. Flickr hosts users' photos on its own servers so that they are retrievable in various size samplings from anywhere over the Web. Flickr provides free user accounts, albeit bandwidth-capped for uploading, and premium paid-for accounts that limit the restrictions that are placed upon users.
Photos can be aggregated into photosets and can be made public or private as desired. Applications built on top of Flickr include Mappr [ 57 ] and Organizr [ 58 ].
Frassle Frassle is an open source tool created by Shimon Rura and made public in November ' It currently has some users, and more than active blogs. Frassle has a slightly different focus to many of the other tools reviewed here: it is an integrative blog environment, allowing users to publish both links and original text in their own blog, and offering a number of features including an RSS aggregator.
Links can be saved in Frassle as blog entries, and tagged freely. The tags applied are known as categories. Similarly to the other tools reviewed here, Frassle provides a social bookmarking environment: it allows users to see related content, based on what they have posted.
The novelty of Frassle is the method by which 'related content' is defined. Crucially, Frassle does not assume that tags are necessarily related: two users' tags are determined to be related if they have been used to describe common links.
The strength of the correlation between two tags therefore depends solely on the content they have been used to describe, not on the tags themselves. This reduces the problems of tag collision or divergence, which have been a primary criticism of tag vocabularies. It has now attracted several hundred thousand users. Furl was created in response to the author's personal need for full text searching in order to find information he had previously read.
Many Furl users have built up extensive libraries, and full text searching is seen by many as the most important way to recall this information. Tagging is considered a secondary activity. An interesting problem with hosting local copies of bookmarked pages is the potential for copyright infringement, if, for example, pages that require subscription access to view are being saved in their entirety on a third-party service.
Furl has bypassed this problem by limiting access to the hosted copy to the original user who bookmarked it, and hence presumably has legitimate access to the content. Other users are simply directed to the original URL. Since its launch, Furl has been acquired by Looksmart, a company with a number of interests including advertising networks and search facilities. The original developer Mike Giles remains on the Furl project. Released in May '04, Simpy now has several thousands of active users, and several hundreds of thousands of links.
The service was created for the sole purpose of organizing links: the social aspect grew out of that. Simpy allows users to track other users' bookmarks by creating 'topics'. Any number of users or specific searches can be saved to a topic, and these results will be checked for new bookmarks.
These topics can then be made available as RSS feeds. The latest version of Simpy allows users to create lists of notes, which can be tagged in the same way as bookmarks. Simpy has also released a REST-based API to facilitate integrating Simpy with other applications and services, and there is a discussion list for developers. It currently has several thousands of active users. The first public version was released in February '04 by Spurl ehf.
The first public release was in January '04, with a series of updates appearing since then. Unlike Furl , the primary aim of many users is to make their bookmarks available to others. One interesting aspect of unalog is the ability to slice and dice further queries using either time or 'width' arguments. Also of interest is unalog 's support for private users, private entries, and public or private groups.
It may be worth remembering that the Web is, after all, still a teenager and subject to all the angst, vagaries, and contrariness of growing pains. Of course, links predate the Web and are as old as consciousness itself. In literary terms any gloss, footnote, or endnote in a book or other kind of publication is a 'link'. That is the stuff life is made of. There are still a few Gopher servers roaming out in the wild as Liz Lawley has pointed out on the del. You will probably need to use the Firefox browser.
The history of social bookmarking can also be seen to have another dimension as a move away from regular bookmarks to public and permalinked , date-organized bookmarks expressed as blogs which then generate social value through aggregators and the like e.
And from the blogging world new features are arising such as Technorati tags along with bookmarking tool APIs which enable post-to-blog functionality which seek to recontextualise blogging within this new social framework. The term 'folksonomy' was coined by Thomas Vander Wal, according to Gene Smith [ 67 ], and is a blending of the terms 'folk' and 'taxonomy'.
While suitably folksy, and enjoying a certain cachet at the present time, it leans too much on the notion of taxonomy, which is not obviously present in social or distributed classification systems although may yet be derivable from them. The term 'ethnoclassification' seems to have been coined by Susan Leigh Star, according to Peter Merholz [ 68 ].
Only the merest taste of some of the writings on tagging can be presented here. Besides the blog entry by Shelley Powers referenced earlier in the paper [ 1 ], a follow-on entry [ 69 ] makes for a stimulating read. David Weinberger's ' Tags vs Leaves ' blog entry [ 70 ] is a great rehearsal for his introduction to the February issue of Release 1.
Lastly, the group blog on social software Many 2 Many [ 73 ] is a definite 'must read' for anyone interested in following the latest developments in social networking applications. Regional bookmarking tools include BlogMarks. Also of particular interest, and on a strongly related theme, is Thomas Vander Wal's writings explaining the difference between broad and narrow folksonomies, see e.
We note that traditional classification schemes incline to the universal, whereas user classification schemes incline to the contextual, i. The Robot Co-op the collective behind 43 Things [ 77 ] announced [ 78 ] on February 7, , that Amazon. There are, at this point in time, some practical problems in dealing with the DOI syntax because some of the characters allowed in DOIs, such as the forward slash, have special meanings in Connotea and other social bookmarking systems.
Nonetheless this could be an interesting avenue to explore and we would invite reader feedback as to the relative merits of using such identifiers as tags.
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